Gender Dilemma In Jane Eyre - 1352 Words

Within the novel, Jane Eyre by Charlotte BrontÃ'‘, Jane reckons with two driving forces when faced with problems during her journey from Gateshead back to Thornfield Hall: inclination and obligation. These feelings often bash heads and force Jane to make defining decisions that shape her as a person. The ample struggle between the ideas of what is expected and what is truly wanted illuminates the underlying feminist plea that BrontÃ'‘ is making for women of her era: to let desire drive action rather than expectation. Jane’s quarrel with the ideas of inclination and obligation gives way to the underlying notion that women of the time period were also struggling with the same two forces; however, BrontÃ'ԉ۪s ample use of Eyre’s ability to follow†¦show more content†¦The clear distaste for Jane that saturates Mrs. Reed’s character comes as a result of her duty to take care of the child rather than wrongs committed by Eyre herself. Furthermore, B rocklehurst, the supervisor of the preparatory school, labels Jane as a troublemaker within her first two minutes of attending Lowood due to the prior descriptions of Jane related to him by Mrs. Reed. This is evident within the book as Brocklehurst instructs the teachers to â€Å"keep [their] eyes on her movements† and â€Å"weigh well her words† before even taking the time to discover Eyre’s personality (70). Jane is expected to greet such poor judgement with kind words despite its unfairness and cruelty; however, the acceptance of such treatment is also coupled with the desire to speak up for herself as seen when Jane retorts to Mrs. Reed, â€Å"How dare I..?,† after being wrongly accused (45). Jane’s conflict between attempting to decide whether she should stand up for herself or be willing to take the unjust treatment becomes clear to the audience during the development of her character in the first few chapters of the novel. Jane’s real ization that she may be cared for by those she loves (both her best friend, Helen Burns, and her teacher, Mrs. Temple) allows for her to develop a greater amount of resilience to the biting comments and treatment that comes from her superiors at Lowood Preparatory School. This struggle between what is proper and whatShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1714 Words   |  7 Pages Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brà ¶nte voiced the radical opinions of Brà ¶nte on religion, gender, and social class. Jane Eyre, a young orphan who lived with her vituperative aunt and cousins, strayed away from the Victorian ideals of a woman and established a new status for herself. Jane Eyre was originally written in 1827 and was heavily influenced by the late gothic literature of the 19th century. 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Not only are the characters who are most concerned with the allure of fortune and rank portrayed as either deceitful or unethical, but even characters who’ve accepted their means o f poverty and demonstrate honest moral natures are mocked. Rather than use the normal class structures, the book suggests that a person of impoverished means can be viewed as socially respectable with the condition that theyRead More Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre and Charles Dickens Great Expectations1873 Words   |  8 PagesCharlotte Brontes Jane Eyre and Charles DickensGreat Expectations Both Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontà «, and Great Expectations, written by Charles Dickens, have many Victorian similarities. Both novels are influenced by the same three elements. The first is the gothic novel, which instilled mystery, suspense, and horror into the work. The second is the romantic poets, which gave the literature liberty, individualism, and nature. The third is the Byronic hero, which consists of the outcast orRead MoreJane Eyre vs. Great Expectatio1869 Words   |  8 PagesBoth Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontà «, and Great Expectations, written by Charles Dickens, have many Victorian similarities. Both novels are influenced by the same three elements. The first is the gothic novel, which instilled mystery, suspense, and horror into the work. The second is the romantic poets, which gave the literature liberty, individualism, and nature. The third is the Byronic hero, which consists of the outcast or rebel who is proud and melancholy and seeks a purer life. The resultsRead MoreTheme Of Women In Jane Eyre1798 Words   |  8 Pagesorthodox novels by writing Jane Eyre, a novel with a passionate female protagonist who hinders society’s power of conformity. Brontà « illuminates the social confinement of women in the Victorian era through Jane’s development of character by easing Jane from respectfully docile to passionately independent, as seen through a psychoanalytic criticism lens in Annimaria Tiainen’s Becoming Jane: Identity, Dependency, and Autonomy in Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre. Jane Eyre begins with Jane residing at her aunt’sRead MoreA Dialogue of Self and Soul11424 Words   |  46 Pagesco-authored a collection of poetry, Mother Songs (1995), for and about mothers. The Madwoman in the Attic was a landmark in feminist criticism. It focuses almost exclusively on the issue of gender in relation to women, though it refers brieï ¬â€šy to the ambiguous class position of governesses such as Jane Eyre. The authors analyse the intertwined processes of female rebellion and repression in the narrative and highlight in particular the reading of Bertha Mason, the mad wife, as the symbol of Jane’sRead MoreThe Caribbean History1095 Words   |  4 Pagesto create Maud, who represents both the colonizer and the colonized. She is silenced due to her gender yet she shows she is conscious of her identity and her values. Her nostalgia for her home represents an emotion felt by many wives of colonizers. Her character yet not dealt with in detail, still represents a hybridized post colonial and has links to Walcott’s own hybridity and his mental dilemma with Europe and his home, St. Lucia. I will look at the role of the men in the epic versus the traditionalRead MoreFeminist Approach to Witchcraft; Case Study: Millers the Crucible6554 Words   |  27 Pageseffort to deconstruct the phallologocentric sanctions implicit in Millers account of Abigails fate, Elizabeths confession, and Johns temptation and death.] Arthur Millers The Crucible is a disturbing work, not only because of the obvious moral dilemma that is irresolutely solved by John Proctors death, but also because of the treatment that Abigail and Elizabeth receive at Millers hands and at the hands of critics. In forty years of criticism very little has been said about the ways in which

Whatever They Told You About Common App Propmt 1 Essay Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Heres Why

Whatever They Told You About Common App Propmt 1 Essay Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Life, Death and Common App Propmt 1 Essay Samples These perspectives can allow you to discover the thoughts and concepts which are behind what you do daily. Think of the way you can add dimension to your list and take an assortment of favorite movies or music past the ordinary. Colleges are searching for a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. Also try to remember that heroes don't necessarily have to be rich or overly famous, although they have to exist in public life as opposed to in your personal life. If you found the essay that we've reviewed within this article somewhat daunting you aren't alone. Irrespective of which essay prompt you address, it's all-important to give yourself time to think of the info you're conveying and what it reveals about you. Stephen's essay is quite effective. Share an essay on any sub ject of your pick. The topic of your essay doesn't need to be completely novel. Make sure it captures YOU. And, it is a popular essay prompt for a reason! These seven sample essays respond to a wide range of thought-provoking questions. The Advantages of Common App Propmt 1 Essay Samples Essay writing is a significant area of the college application practice. It's very useful to take writing apart as a way to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. If you believe you have the capability to compose a Common App Essay that's on this level do it. The internet process for the Common Application can be complicated, but it is a great deal better than applying to every school individually (which is terribly time-consuming and can result in errors). Common App Propmt 1 Essay Samples for Dummies They also offer insight into the type of student you may be in college. The book must be fiction, but aside from that requirement you've got plenty of leeway here. Don't forget, in addition, ther e are discounts available when purchasing all 3 e-books and free shipping when purchasing all three text books. You ought to purchase essays either your individual particulars or. Your capacity to be exact is crucial for keeping the term count low. Which is the reason you want an angle. Consult your parents to spell out the rear row to you. Occasionally it's helpful to observe how others were able to get over the difficult first-line hump. The key issue is to become something down! As anyone acquainted with riding a bicycle will say, riding at a slow speed is far more challenging than riding quickly. Clearly articulate the issue. The Common App Propmt 1 Essay Samples Cover Up Though this prompt is an easy, fill-in-the-blank exercise, it still extends to you a chance to showcase a new side of yourself to admissions particularly when it has to do with deciding on the book title for the second blank. Again, this prompt isn't seeking a specific instance or event upon which you are able to construct a story or narrative. This new prompt provides the chance for you to discuss something which completely enthralls you. When you have anything to add, please tell us in the comments! Regardless of what topic you select, allow some time for extra editing. This question was reworded for 2017-18, and the present language is an immense improvement. Answering this question takes a great quantity of time and research. In truth, it might be just the opposite. That said it's normally a good concept to supply a personal statement anyway. In reality, I'd been born into such a situation. It may not have a lot of meaning at all for different men and women.

The Formation of Relationships free essay sample

In 1962 Kerckoff and Davis (pg 486 Gross 2005)posited another form of relationship formation theory known as the filter model. They believed that there are three filters that are important at different times before we can enter a relationship. At the start there is a group of people that are free and available for relationships which the individual then narrows down further using different internal tests to leave only those that they consider to be suitable partners.The first filter is the social and demographic variables where an individual tends to pick people with similar educational and economic background to their own. The second filter is the similarity of attitudes and values, where people with different values, attitudes and interests to us are filtered out as incompatible. The third stage is the complementarity of emotional needs where the individual decides how well between the two people they fit together as a couple.Kerckoff and Davis (1962) then tested their model in a longitudinal study using student couples that had been together for more or less than 18 months. We will write a custom essay sample on The Formation of Relationships or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They completed several questionnaires over 7 months which reported on attitude similarity and personality traits with their partner. They found that attitude similarity was the most important factor up to about 18 months into a relationship, after this time psychological compatibility and the ability to meet each other’s needs became important, supporting the idea of the filter model. The filter model is a more useful way to think about factors that are influential in relationship development and when they might come into action. It also emphasises the importance of demographic factors and similarity of attitudes and values as filters in development of relationships, evidence shows this continues in relationship survival. However, the division of relationships into stages does not capture their fluid and dynamic nature. Real life relationships tend to flow more than the model demonstrates. Some may develop faster and others slower than the filter model suggests which is a failing on the model itself to not take issues such as this into account.

Veterinary Essays - Animal Welfare, Beagle, Bo, Veterinary Physician

Veterinary When I first arrived "Lisa" The girl that I shadowed told me that there was an emergency with one of the animals. It ended up that a one-year-old beagle ate an entire thing of metabolite, and then slowly started to die. The liver had shut down, and the heart rate was up to 300. Lisa told me that taking a thing of metabolite was like taking 50 cups of coffee at once. The owners of the beagle were there and bowling. The beagle's name was Murry. Murry's body slowly was shutting down one thing after another. The owners made the decision the dog was going to be put to sleep. We got the dog ready to be taken out. They undid all the cords from the dog so they could take it to another room. I said goodbye to the dog, and then they took it into the other room so that the owners could be there when they put him to sleep. After that happened they then had to put a sleep a little hedgehog that had cancer on its mouth. We then did two regular checkups with one cat and with one dog. Those when great. After that we had a dog come in and it ended up having an affection that might end up killing it. I never heard the end result. The last thing that I did there was that a black lab had been bitten by another dog, and that dog ripped a hole in the neck of the black lab. The doctors had to perform surgery on the dog to close up the holes in the neck. They first had to clean it out with qutips. And blood stated to come out right then I was a little dizzy and I thought I was going to faint. But thank god I didn't. I saw a cat get dental work on it. And a cat get a bath and they had to blow dry it and brush the hair while it was a sleep. I thought that the work place environment was very clean and very professional. On my pictures on the poster it shows you that they even had a place for dogs to go in and a separate place for cats to go in they also have different waiting rooms for each of them. I could easily be able to work in a place that is that clean, and so organized. I learned multiple things there from chemicals how much they need how much they use math and science, to there organization skills, and there abillity to be able to communicate with the animals and be able to not cry ever time they have to put them to sleep. The things that they do hardly relate to what I'm doing in school right now, because I'm not that smart yet. But in science we are learning about different chemicals together and how they make a reaction. Also I'm learning how to keep everything nice and organized, so I know where everything that I need is. I observed many behaviors that they showed that would be important in a lot of jobs. One of those are there communication skills. To be able to work with many different people under the type of stress that they can be in is hard. That aplies to a lot of jobs because a lot of different jobs make you work under a lot of stress with many different people at the same time. There are countless skills that you take on with you to college or even work. Kindness, cleanness, organization, and most of all people skills with out that you not be able to handle being in a job with other people. Being a veterinarian is something that I have always even since I was a little girl have wanted to be. I have always loved animals expesialy dogs. I love to take care of them to train them, and most of all to make them feel better. This is exactly what a veterinarian does every day. Nothing was really bad about the job shadow. It was a great experience and I had a lot of fun. But one thing is the animals dying a dog and a hedgehog. It was really sad to see the owners crying, but to become a veterinarian you have to get used to being around animals dying , and putting them to sleep often. The thing that I liked

Hitler (Why Little Opposition) essays

Hitler (Why Little Opposition) essays The period of time during the 1930s was a time of poverty and power. It was during this time that a man named Adolf Hitler came to power. But Hitlers power did not come easily. During his rise to power he faced much opposition such as the communists, colonies and other parties; even losing the election to Hindenburg was an obstacle that he faced. Despite these problems, Hitler used Consolidation measures, State Security Agencies, Domestic measures, Propaganda, Foreign Success and even the much hated Treaty of Versailles. The following paragraphs will look at how Hitler used these ideas to minimize the amount of opposition that he faced. One of the reasons of little opposition that Hitler faced was because of the consolidation measures that he put in place. Anti-intellectualism was one of Hitlers main consolation methods. Because of Hitlers personal hatred of Jews, much of his idea including anti-intellectualism was linked to his anti-Jewish beliefs. Through this, Hitler decided that he wanted Jews to be excluded from German academic life. He did this by attacking all sorts of intellectuals from the Jewish community and burning books from the libraries and schools (Book burning as seen above). Furthermore, all books that were to be published from the on had to be approved by the Ministry of Propaganda. This meant that: Any Jewish/Communist material was to be removed from all books. Paintings that were drawn by Jewish artists were removed. Anything that was considered Jewish/Communist was removed, destroyed or replaced with Nazi material. Much of anti-intellectualism was linked with Hitlers beliefs of anti-Jews and communists. Hitlers hatred of Jews could be clearly identified when he told Germanys catholic leaders that Jews were nothing but pernicious enemies of the state and church. (Quote: Source A, Page 78, Line 3). After propaganda of t...

Obdurodon - Facts and Figures

Obdurodon - Facts and Figures Name: Obdurodon (Greek for tough tooth); pronounced ob-DOOR-oh-don Habitat: Swamps of Australia and South America Historical Epoch: Miocene (23-5 million years ago) Size and Weight: About one foot long and a few pounds Diet: Insects and crustaceans Distinguishing Features: Broad, flat bill studded with teeth About Obdurodon The prehistoric platypus Obdurodon used to count as one of the exceptions to the rule that every modern creature had a plus-sized ancestor lurking millions of years back in its family tree: this monotreme (mammalian egg layer) was about the same size as its modern playtpus relatives, but its bill was comparably broad and flat and (heres the main difference) studded with teeth, which adult platypuses lack. Judging by this dental equipment, paleontologists believe Obdurodon made its living by digging with its bill into the soft silt near lakes and rivers and eating whatever crawly things lay exposed (such as insects, crustaceans and the occasional small fish). As ancient as it was, Obdurodon wasnt the first platypus ancestor to appear on the prehistoric scene; there were also the early Cretaceous Teinolophos and Steropodon. We say used to in the paragraph above because a new discovery has placed Obdurodon squarely in the megafauna mammal category: a three-foot-long species (diagnosed on the basis of a single tooth) that was recently discovered Down Under, in sediments dating from 15 million years ago. Besides its size, Obdurodon tharalkooschild was distinguished by its highly developed teeth, which it used to crush crawfish, crustaceans, small vertebrates including birds and lizards, and possibly even the occasional turtle!

Outline President Kennedys foreign policy problems as they related to Essay

Outline President Kennedys foreign policy problems as they related to Cuba - Essay Example This was intended to spur a rebellion to overthrow the then communist leader Fidel Castro. However, the mission was a failure and led to great embarrassment to the president (Haney & Vanderbush 45). Kennedy’s foreign policy was heavily influenced by the cold war, the continuing conflict of the Soviet Union as well as conflicts in Cuba. From 1960 until after the 1962 Missile crisis, the American objective was to get rid of Cubans leader, President Castro. Subsequently, during the years of the cold war the U.S foreign policy objectives were to get Cuba to halt its aid to revolutionaries, reduce its military ties to the Soviet Union and to show greater respect for human rights (Haney & Vanderbush 185). The United States trade embargo and other sanctions against Cuba have been in place for some 36 years, and the U.S policy towards the island has changed a little in that time. In the absence of full access to the diplomatic records in this country and abroad, it is not possible to resolve this debate on Kennedy fully, but certain studies by analysts on the Cuban missile crisis, lend support to the more friendly view of Kennedy. The president certainly made mistakes in foreign policy, and he raised more hopes than he fulfilled. However, he demonstrated a relatively cosmopolitan and sophisticated view of the world, grew in office, and had a feel for diplomacy, which for some time had been lacking in American

WIPO, Berne, TRIPS, Copyright Law and their Implications for Google Essay

WIPO, Berne, TRIPS, Copyright Law and their Implications for Google - Essay Example Thus all national copyright laws to a greater or lesser extent attempt to balance recognition and enforcement of copyright against broader interests and needs. International copyright law has recognised the need for this balance but the exact nature of the appropriate balance has been contentious. The nature of the balance envisaged in the Berne Convention may well have been different from that envisaged in subsequent legislation and this essay will begin by defining the dimensions of that balance. It will then proceed to consider the changes in international copyright law brought about by the TRIPS Agreement and the WIPO Copyright Treaty to establish whether the balance as now recognised in international copyright law is different from that originally recognised by the Berne Convention. Article 13 of TRIPs illustrates the essence of the Berne Convention and TRIPs, which is that the copyright holder's rights cannot be derrogated from except in special circumstances in the public interest. However, the test is very strict whereby the rights of the artist are paramount in the Berne Convention where it it widely accepted that the copyright holder and the artist was one and the same. ... copyright holder is frequently not the artist because the caopyrights are owned by the employer, agent or company that commissions the individual's work. Therefore TRIPs focuses on the economic rights of the copyright holder and ignores the moral rights of the artist. Public interest rights in both of these conventions are ignored except for the cases of academic interest. It is not deemed as important that communal and indigenous rights should be protected or materials that are valuable to the development of the greater good of the community. This is especially so in the developing countries, where licenses and permissions for copyrighted material need to be obtained to educate and fund the development of their citizenry. The WIPO Copyright Treaty in many ways has been introduced to protect public interest rights and limit the copyright holder's rights, but in a balance with the moral rights of the artist. It still focuses too much on economic rights, but it is a move in the right d irection. "Libraries will continue to play a critical role in ensuring access for all in the information society. Properly functioning national and international networks of library and information services are critical to the provision of access to information. Traditionally, libraries have been able to provide reasonable access to the purchased copies of copyright works held in their collections. However, if in future all access and use of information in digital format becomes subject to payment, a library's ability to provide access to its users will be severely restricted."1 Intellectual Property needs to understand that there are public interest rights as it deals with a variety of areas, stemming from inventions through to ideas and artistic writings and pictures. In relation to

Ethnic group Essay Example for Free

Ethnic group Essay Crash is highly ambiguous in the depiction of multiculturalism in American society. Almost all the ethnicities depicted in Crash question the perception others have their particular group, but at the same time affirm the different stereotypes surrounding their ethnic group. For example, one of the black characters (‘Anthony’) remarks that they should be afraid in a white neighborhood, due to their group’s association with crime. Following this intelligent observation, he and his friend (‘Peter’) proceed to steal a car from a white couple (Rick and Jean Cabot), affirming the stereotype whites have of them. Another example would be the Persian-American father, who is accused by a gun-store owner to be a danger to society, The father denies this fact, but ends up shooting a child. This ambiguous portrayal shows us one of the dilemmas of Multiculturalism in American society. While it strives to acknowledge diversity, it also promotes color consciousness by rejecting color-blind solutions. To quote Gordon and Newfield â€Å"Multiculturalism in the 1980’s sponsored renewed protests against white racism and yet it appeared to replace the emphasis on race and racism with an emphasis on cultural diversity. Multiculturalism rejected racial subordination but seemed sometimes to support itâ€Å". While Gordon and Newfield also attest that â€Å"multiculturalism often avoided race. It designated cultures†, but multiculturalism in Crash inexorably comes down to race and ethnicity. The characters in Crash think in terms of race or ethnicity, not culture. Despite the fact that every major character is culturally ‘American’, race is the definitive factor in determining identity. The upper-class African-American Cameron is accused of not being ‘black’ enough. The Persian-American father is angered that he is mistaken for being an Arab (traditionally considered to be part of the Hamitic race), while both ethnicities can be considered part of Islamic culture. The Asian-American characters and the Cambodian immigrants are first and foremost ‘Asian’ and no attempt is made to distinguish them culturally. This can clearly be seen at the end of the movie; Anthony drops the Cambodians off in Chinatown, an ‘Asian’ neighborhood, inhabited by Chinese-Americans whose culture and language is completely foreign to the Cambodians. Furthermore everyone from South-American is labeled as Latino or Hispanic, despite the fact that Brazilians are culturally and linguistically Portuguese and that Argentina is more ‘white’ than the United States. Detective Ria is called Mexican (the most common Hispanic group in Los Angeles) multiple times in the movie, despite having a shared Puerto Rican and El-Salvadorian background. One must understand that there is a racial divide or a perceived racial divide in American society, not just between the white American majority and minority groups but between different minority groups as well. This is best seen during Crash’s opening scene, where a ‘native’ Asian-American woman (Kim Lee) accuses the ‘native’ Hispanic Ria of being an illegal immigrant in broken English. Another example would be the privileged African-American Cameron. After an attempted carjacking, he is mistaken for one of the carjackers, due to his belligerent attitude and encounters a racial divide that completely nullifies his privileged position. In other words, his upper-class job gave him a degree of ‘whiteness’, which dissipates when he is mistaken for a ‘black’ thug. The racial divide is best described by Ronald Takaki, a Japanese-American and a professor on multicultural American during an encounter with a taxi driver. The taxi driver asked how long he had been in the US; Takaki interpreted his question in terms of race: â€Å"Somehow I did not look ‘American’ to him; my eyes and complexion looked foreign. Suddenly we both became aware of a racial divide between us†. For the taxi driver, an Asian man speaking good English was somehow remarkable and likely made his comment without any racist connotations. For the Japanese-American Takaki, it was a reminder that the notion of ‘Americaness’ was still closely related to race. Another Academic, Schlesinger notes that â€Å"The bonds of cohesion in our society are sufficiently fragile, or so it seems to me, that it makes no sense to strain them by encouraging and exalting cultural and linguistic apartheid. The American identity will never be fixed and final; it will always be in the making†. Despite being an assimilationist, Schlesinger has a valid argument, at least with this quote. ‘American’ is not a fixed identity; it means different things to different minority groups. For the Asian-American woman, speaking broken English raised no questions regarding her Asian-American identity, while the Hispanic Ria was dumbfounded by the fact that the women accused her of being an illegal in broken English. Schlesinger correctly notes how fragile the bonds between the different ethnic groups are. This returns in Crash, where almost every ‘multicultural’ interaction is the result of a crash or conflict. As Gordon and Newfield point out in their essay, multiculturalism might have placed the emphasis on cultural diversity, rather than race or racism, but it has done little to deal with the underlying racial divide that exists in American society. Bibliography. â€Å"Argentina Demographics Profile 2010†, Index Mundi, accessed 10-3-2010, http://www. indexmundi. com/argentina/demographics_profile. html Avery Gordon and Christopher Newfield, Mapping Multiculturalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 3-4 Schlesinger, Arthur M. , The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (New York: Norton, 1992) 137-138 Takaki, Ronald, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (New York: Back Bay Books, 1993) 1-2.

Fight Club and Our Consumer Identity Essay -- Fight Club Essays

Fight Club and Our Consumer Identity The narrator in the film Fight Club is questioned about his devastated condo and declares, "That condo was my life, okay? I loved every stick of furniture in that place. That was not just a bunch of stuff that got destroyed, that was me!" This attitude of defining self-identity through a consumer culture has become institutionalized in the American society. The film Fight Club addresses the excessive consumerism as a sign of emotional emptiness and as a form of self-distinction. While the title suggests that it is just another clichà © action movie, it is not so shallow or narrowly focused. It instead provides the viewer with a provocative view on American society and it raises valid questions about the values embraced by that society. As the film American Beauty dubbed, "...look closer." The film begins with a nameless narrator (Edward Norton), a corporate pencil-pusher who suffers from insomnia. A doctor tells Norton to quit complaining and stop by a support group for prostate cancer victims. He begins to attend this and other support groups, which helps Norton regain his ability to sleep and act as an outlet to release his emotions through crying. However, when Marla Singer (Helen Bonhem-Carter), another "faker," begins attending his support groups purely for the entertainment value, Norton once again cannot sleep. This is the least of his cares because when he comes back from a business trip he finds that his condo has exploded. Fortunately, on his flight home he had met the charismatic Tyler Durden (Brad Pitt), who sells soap and has a very unconventional view of life. Tyler offers his "dilapidated house in a toxic waste part of town" to the narrator and he takes a room... ... Man Alive" contest. So should we all give up all our material possessions and join an urban terrorism cult? Of course not. Nor am I suggesting that either Tyler or Jack are role models that should be emulated. However, it does seem that some Americans care more about their riches defining their identity than life defining it. Tyler’s message opens the door to a variety of questions surrounding what defines you as a person. Is it defined by your Nike shirt and VW Jetta? Or is it your personality, relationships, and experiences? Do you find someone attractive purely for his or her looks and Porsche? Or do you love someone because they’re kind, have a great smile, and are insanely funny? Through the media and advertisement we are fed the consumer identity. Fight Club just shows another way of looking at self-identity that is aside from the mainstream.

Dogs Are Better House Pets Than Cats

Dogs are better pets than cats Yukako Taketani English 122 Instructor Chang March 17, 2013 Dogs are better house pets than cats In the world, there are only three types of people: dog lovers, cat lovers, and please-no-dogs-or-cats-around-me people. Between the dog and cat lovers, there is always a big debate on the subject which animal is more suited as house pets and has better companionship with humans. According to the article, â€Å"U. S Pet Ownership Statistics, there are 78. 2 million owned dogs in the United States, while approximately 86. 4 million owned cats (The Humane Society of the united states, 2011).From these facts, the society might be already on the cat side. A lot of people may complain that cats are better house pets than dogs because they are easy to take care of. However, in my opinion, a dog’s lifestyle and personality is better fitted for us to live with, and they are great companions. Dogs as security guards First of all, dogs can work as security gua rds. It is known as one of the earliest duties of domestic dogs. They protect the property of its owners, whether that property is land, livestock or his owner’s home (The Canine Information Library, 2011).When there is a sign of a dog picture and a word of â€Å"watch out† hanging on the neighbors fence, who does not take extra cautions when he or she walks cross the house? If I were a robber, I will not choose a household with a dog, since there is a high probability that the dog will bark every time I walk by. I own a Chihuahua mix dog, who only weights 10 pounds. She never attack or bite people or other dogs outside home. In fact, she is the kind of the dogs who always wags her tail to everybody, and shows her stomach, which is considered one of the submissive behaviors in canines.I am not expecting her to fend off or fight, if someone breaks into my house. However, she is a barker whenever she hears a faint sound around my house. On the other hand, cats can only m eow, which is a lot quieter and less intimidating than dogs bark. Moreover, they are indifferent to new people and often hide under the bed or table. There are many stories out there that dogs fended off, or protected their owners from robbers. However, I have never heard that cats scared away from someone tried to get in the house. From these facts, dogs are much better house pets compared to cats as security guards. For an active lifestyleIn addition, dogs promote an active lifestyle to their owners. While cats stay home and do their own things, dogs love to go outside. Dogs need exercise, but so do people. In these days, a lot of people are thought to be lack of exercise, and it is unhealthy both physically and mentally. However, having a dog as a pet will cancel out this problem. Jenna Stregowski, a registered veterinary technician, examines that dogs enjoy going on a walk, and we can make them a part of our own exercise routines (Stregowski, 2013). I agree with her. Some people , including me, cannot work out continuously because our laziness defeats us.For those people, having a dog will improve their lives, and the pets and the owners can be both happy. Some people are known to walk their cat on harness yet, cats do not enjoy the experience. Most of the times, it ends up with an undesirable result. Fetching balls and swimming are dogs’ favorite exercise. They also can go in cars, hiking, and camping. Even in unfamiliar places, dogs still can adapt themselves into new environments well. Conversely, cats require some time in order to accept and adjust to new things. As a veterinary technology student, I can give my own experience as an example that dogs are more adaptable animals than cats.When they are brought to a veterinary hospital, most of the dogs are still wagging their tail and happy. However, the cats are fear to death because of the unfamiliar environment and people, and they sit in a circle and in the very back in the carrier as much as p ossible. Of course, I have seen some friendly cats at the veterinary hospital yet, most of the cats do not well in new places like dogs can. Having a cat will not improve your life, but dogs can. More Trainable Another argument is that dogs are more trainable in our lives. There are many dogs that can do incredible tricks, and listen to their owners’ commons.People debate that some cats can be also trainable and do shake hands. They may also question why cats or dogs need to do tricks, such as shaking hands or rolling over, which are not useful for both humans and pets. However, since two completely different living beings spend time under the same roof, more trainable and obedient dogs are, of course, better for humans. One of the cat’s feature behavior is climbing. In the article, Pam Bennett, cat behavior expert, states that the more vertical areas available to your cat, the more it increases her territory (Bennett, 2013).They climb on the table, kitchen, computer, or basically anywhere they can, and it is not acceptable. Especially, when the kitchen is full of food and the stove and knives used, it is not only about sanitation, but also danger for both owners and the cat. Training cats on not climbing is difficult because it is their instincts. There are many undesirable cat behaviors that cats have but dogs do not, such as scratching furniture or carpets and playing in closets, where you keep expensive clothes. In spite of these, you do not need to concern about these problems with dogs.I am not saying that dogs are not naughty. They can also climb on the table, and chew your clothes. However, you can easily discipline them, because they have the pack behavior and social hierarchy system that you can take advantage of by playing yourself at the top (All Dogs GYM & INN, 2011). By shaking it by the scruff of the neck as a punishment, you can correct undesirable behavior and also teach your dog that you are dominant. With a cat, this way of pun ishing is not useful, or just makes her fear to you. They are more difficult than dogs. Conclusion Dogs are easier to live with.Whether small breeds or large breeds, they can alert and protect their owners’ houses and owners from strangers. Because dogs like outside activities and can easily adjust themselves in a new environment, People can take them anywhere and have a good work out together. Dogs have an undesirable behavior as well as cats yet, they are easy to discipline. Thinking about these facts, dogs are better pets than cats for us. Work Cited All Dogs GYM & INN (2011). Dogs’ social hierarchy & pack behavior. Retrieved on March 17, 2013 from http://www. alldogsgym. com/content/view/106/138/ Bennet, P (2013). Why your cat need to climb.Retrieved on March 17, 2013 from http://www. catbehaviorassociates. com/why-your-cat-needs-to-climb/ Stregowski, J (2013). 10 reasons dogs are better than cats. Retrieved on March 19, 2013 from http://dogs. about. com/od/funphot os/ss/Ten-Reasons-Dogs-Are-Better-Than-Cats_10. htm The Canine Information Library (2011). Guard dogs. Retrieved on March 17, 2013 from http://guarddogs. bulldoginformation. com/ The Humane Society of the United States (2011). U. S. pet ownership statistics. Retrieved on March 17, 2013 from http://www. humanesociety. org/issues/pet_overpopulation/facts/pet_ownership_statistics. html

Trends In Epidemiology Of Hiv Health And Social Care Essay

Zimbabwe has the 3rd largest HIV load in Southern Africa with an estimated 1 million grownups aged 15 and above and 150,000 kids under 15 life with HIV ( 1 ) . Harare, the state in which the capital is located, accounting for largest proportion of people populating with HIV in the state ( merely under 20 % ) and Bulawayo, the state ‘s 2nd largest metropolis accounting for the smallest proportion ( merely over 5 % ) . Zimbabwe has a generalized HIV epidemic, with exceptionally high degree of HIV prevalence in the yesteryear and significantly lower degrees at nowadays. It is estimated that between 1998 and 2010, grownup HIV prevalence has halved from 27.2 % to 14.3 % . ( 2 ) The epidemic in Zimbabwe has contracted faster than any other HIV epidemic in Eastern and Southern Africa as Figure 1 ( 1 ) below illustrates:Figure 1: HIV prevalence curves from East and Southern AfricaThe contraction in HIV prevalence is attributed to really high mortality every bit good as important alterations in sexual behavior ( 1 ) . During the economic system crisis Zimbabwe faced, the wellness system collapsed to widen that most HIV septic persons died due deficiency of antiretroviral drugs and installations for intervention of timeserving infections. In footings of behavior alteration informations from the Population Services International ( PSI ) studies conducted in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, and 2007 support this deci sion, particularly with respect to spouse decrease. For work forces 15-29, the proportion describing non-regular spouses fell from 32 % in 2001 to 21 % in 2003, and remained near that degree through subsequently PSI studies. For adult females 15-29, the estimations were for a decrease from 17 % to 8 % in the same period. Zimbabwe is geographically distributed into 10 states. In contrast to other states in the part, the Zimbabwean HIV epidemic is geographically rather homogeneous with similar HIV prevalence degrees across states ( Figure 2 ) . Geographic homogeneousness besides applies when HIV prevalence in rural and urban zones is compared: Rural and urban occupants have similar odds of being HIV infected ( 17.6 % in rural vs. 18.9 % in urban countries ) . There may nevertheless be important heterogeneousness in HIV prevalence at a local degree, as noted in really different degrees of HIV prevalence among Antenatal Clinic clients, with peculiarly high HIV prevalence degrees among those occupant in relocation farms, growing points, main road and boundary line towns ( 3 ) . Figure 2: Adult HIV prevalence by state in Zimbabwe Source: Zimbabwe Demographic Health Survey 2005/6. In Zimbabwe grownup HIV prevalence harmonizing to sex is significantly higher among adult females aged 15-49 ( 21 % ) than among work forces in the same age cohort ( 14.5 % ) ( 4 ) . This gender spread is even wider among immature people. Females aged 15-19 old ages have significantly higher HIV prevalence rates than work forces among the same age group ( Figure 3 ) .The differential between female and male prevalence is big besides in the age groups 20-24, 25-29 and 30-34 old ages reflecting both historical transmittal forms and important degrees of age disparate sexual relationships. The peak age for HIV infection in adult females is 30-34 old ages while for work forces it is the 40-44 old ages age group.Figure 3: HIV prevalence by age and sex in ZimbabweBeginning: 2005/6 ZDHS, Table 14.3 In 2007, an estimated 63,247 grownups acquired HIV. However, in 2009 it is estimated that this figure rose to 66,156 ( about 182 new HIV infections daily ) ( 5 ) . HIV incidence is estimated at 0.85 % in 2009. Projections into the hereafter, based on current HIV prevalence, population growing and antiretroviral therapy use indicate that the figure of freshly infected grownups will go on to turn. Heterosexual sex within unions/regular partnerships histories for the majority of beginnings of new grownup HIV infection in Zimbabwe. Other beginnings of new infections include insouciant heterosexual sex and sex work The UNAIDS Modes of Transmission ( MoT ) theoretical account was used to pattern beginnings of new infections, and overall incidence. The MoT modeling exercising confirmed that heterosexual contact remains the chief manner of transmittal in all countries of Zimbabwe, but this was represented by several different state of affairss including both insouciant and long term partnerships and miscellaneous grades of transactional sexual relationships. Nationally, the theoretical account estimates that the bulk of new infections occur among people in the general community who are non prosecuting in high hazard sexual activities. Persons in this hazard class are in discordant, monogamous relationships of at least a twelvemonth ‘s continuance but frequently longer ( 6 ) . Mother to child transmittal ( MTCT ) continues to stay a important beginning of new infections among babies. Approximately 1 in 3 babies born to HIV septic female parents are infected. HIV infection from an HIV-positive female parent to her kid during gestation, labor, bringing or breastfeeding is called mother-to-child transmittal ( MTCT ) . The per centum of babies born to HIV septic female parents who are HIV infected has remained high averaging 28.5 % between 2006 and 2009. An estimated 15,000 kids were freshly infected with HIV in 2009 ( 5 ) , the huge bulk of them through MTCT.Describe how HIV/AIDS Surveillance informations are collected and sketch the advantages and restrictions of these informations aggregation attacks.The aggregation of informations for HIV prevalence informations is really important for national HIV & A ; AIDS programmes particularly in footings of policy devising. There are several methods used but I will depict Antenatal Clinic Surveillance and Population Based Surveys sketching the advantages and restrictions of each.Antenatal Clinic SurveillanceThe chief intent of surveillance based on adult females go toing prenatal clinics is to measure tendencies in HIV prevalence over clip. However, because other informations beginnings are missing, prenatal clinic surveillance has besides been used to gauge the population degrees of HIV. This is normally based on anon. , unlinked, cross-sectional studies of pregnant adult females go toing prenatal clinics in the public wellness sector. Merely first-time attendants are included to minimise the opportunity of any adult female being included more than one time. Blood is taken routinely from pregnant adult females for diagnostic intents which include poxs, Macaca mulatta and blood grouping. After personal identifiers are removed the blood is tested for HIV. Antenatal clinic studies are normally done yearly at the same clip of the twelvemonth to obtain an estimation of the point prevalence for tha t twelvemonth. The national HIV prevalence of a state is frequently 80 % of the prevalence rate in pregnant adult females go toing prenatal clinics ( 7 ) . Advantages of Antenatal Clinic Surveillance Prenatal clinics provide ready and easy entree to a cross-section of sexually active adult females from the general population who are non utilizing contraceptive method. In generalised epidemics, HIV proving among pregnant adult females is considered a good placeholder for prevalence in the general population ( 7 ) Data for pregnant adult females will reflect the prevalence in groups that may be of higher hazard of infection because of their life agreements ( such as workers who live in inns or ground forces barracks ) if they have regular unprotected sexual contact with adult females in the general population. The restrictions of prenatal surveillance are recognized and acknowledged, and where possible, rectification factors have been developed to get the better of some of the restrictions. In states with low degrees of HIV prevalence, strategically placed lookout sites can supply an early warning for the start of an epidemic. ( 8 ) In recent old ages, many states have expanded the geographical coverage ( the figure and sample sizes of sites ) of lookout surveillance, particularly in rural countries, to better the representativeness of the samples. Restrictions of Antenatal Clinic Surveillance Most sentinel surveillance systems have limited geographical coverage, particularly in smaller and more distant rural countries. Womans go toing prenatal clinics may non be representative of all pregnant adult females because many adult females may non go to prenatal clinics or may go to private clinics. The rate of preventive usage in a state may impact the figure of pregnant adult females. The execution of prenatal clinic-based surveillance varies well between states ( 9 ) . The quality of the studies may change over clip depending on available resources. Antenatal clinic surveillance does non supply information about HIV prevalence in work forces. Because these studies are conducted among pregnant adult females, estimations for work forces are based on premises about the ratio of male-to-female prevalence that are derived from community-based surveies in the part. However, this ratio varies between states and over clip.Population-Based SurveiesThe restrictions of prenatal surveillance systems with regard to geographical coverage, under-representation of rural countries and the absence of informations for work forces have led to an involvement in including HIV proving in national population-based studies. Population-based studies can supply sensible estimations of HIV prevalence for generalised epidemics, where HIV has spread throughout the general population in a state. However, for low-level and concentrated epidemics, these studies will undervalue HIV prevalence, because HIV is concentrated in groups with bad behavior and these gro ups are normally non adequately sampled in household-based studies. Some early studies were designed for unlinked anon. testing, in which the HIV trial consequences could non be linked to persons, whereas more recent studies have incorporated linked anon. testing, in which HIV trial consequences can be linked to behavioral informations without uncovering the individuality of any person who has been tested. Advantages of Population Based Surveies: – In generalised epidemics, population-based studies can supply representative estimations of HIV prevalence for the general population every bit good as for different subgroups, such as urban and rural countries, adult females and work forces, age groups and part or state ( 8 ) . The consequences from population-based studies can be used to set the estimations obtained from sentinel surveillance systems. Population-based studies provide an chance to associate HIV position with societal, behavioral and other biomedical information, therefore enabling research workers to analyze the kineticss of the epidemic in more item. Information from this analysis could take to better plan design and planning. Restrictions of Population Based Surveys. In population-based studies, trying from families may non adequately represent high-risk and nomadic populations. In low-level or concentrated epidemics, population-based studies hence underestimate HIV prevalence. Nonresponse ( either through refusal to take part or absence from the family at the clip of the study ) can bias population-based estimations of HIV. ( Roll uping information on nonresponders can assist in the procedure of seting for nonresponse. ) Population-based studies are expensive and logistically hard to transport out and can non be conducted often. Typically, these studies are conducted every 5-10 old ages ( 8 ) .Outline the major factors doing spread of HIV/AIDS in the community where you live or work.The followers are some the factors which have been attributed to distribute of HIV in Zimbabwe Multiple Concurrent Partners ( MCP ) is by and large defined as a sexual behavior characterised by holding more than one sexual spouse in the same clip period. Zimbabwean work forces are more likely to hold multiple spouses than adult females. Harmonizing to the Zimbabwe Demographic Health Surveys 2005-6 ( ZDHS -2005-6 ) , 1 in 10 adult females and 1 in 3 work forces aged 15-49 old ages who had sex in the 12 months predating the study had sex with two or more spouses. Low and inconsistent degrees of rubber usage, particularly among married twosomes. There is by and large a low degree of rubber usage in Zimbabwe, although the more insouciant the sexual brush, the more likely that a rubber is used due to increased hazard perceptual experience. Harmonizing to the ZDHS ( 2005-6 ) , rubber usage is last amongst married twosomes and those with long-run spouses with merely 3.6 % of married adult females and 7.7 % of work forces describing utilizing rubbers the last clip they had sex with a partner or cohabiting spouse. Harmonizing to a survey by SAFAIDS about 52 % of all new infections which occurred in 2009 occurred among married people which makes the matrimony a hazard brotherhood. Low Levels of Male Circumcision: Male Circumcision is one of the best ways that has been seen to forestall HIV transmittal by about 60 % harmonizing to three surveies carried out in the different states in Africa: – Rakai, Uganda ( 10 ) ; Kisumu, Kenya ( 11 ) and Orange Farm, South Africa ( 12 ) . Male Circumcision has been seen to work through the undermentioned mechanisms: – Decrease of surface country by taking the prepuce which has seen to advance entry of HIV virus. Hardening of open glans penis therefore cut downing scratchs and hazard of HIV incursion. The removed prepuce agencies, HIV can no longer be trapped underneath therefore minimising transmittal. However male Circumcision in Zimbabwe remains low with 10.5 % of work forces aged 15-54 coverage being circumcised in the 2005/6 DHS. Such a low degree is improbable to impact overall HIV transmittal to any of import grade. In Zimbabwe, harmonizing to mathematical modeling ( Figure 4 ) , the figure of new HIV infections will drop significantly if male Circumcision services are expanded. The modeling is assuring and what needs to be done is to supply more consciousness and still negative attitudes.Figure 4: – Zimbabwe Projected New Infections Cases with Male CircumcisionAdapted from a presentation by Karin Hartzold, PSI, Zimbabwe, 2010 Age disparate sexual relationships: Surveies indicate that relationships between immature adult females and older work forces are common and tolerated in Zimbabwe as in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa and are associated with insecure sexual behavior and increased HIV hazard as informations from the 2005-6 ZDHS indicates. In such relationships rubbers use tends to be selectively and strategically and such use additions HIV hazard. High degrees of Sexually Transmitted Infections: Sexual transmitted Infections increase the hazard of HIV infection. This hazard is much higher with ulcerating infections like pox and herpes simplex. The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in Zimbabwe is really high and this has been lending a high prevalence rate. In Zimbabwe the 2009 ANC Sentinel Surveillance Report showed that adult females with current or past venereal ulcer disease ( GUD ) had about three times the HIV prevalence of adult females without a history of GUD. Among immature ANCs aged 15-24, those with GUD had a HIV prevalence of 31 % . This is corroborated by ZDHS 2005-6 that found that work forces and adult females who reported a recent STI were significantly more likely to be HIV positive, harmonizing to the 2005/6 DHS. 40 % of adult females who reported holding had an STI or STI symptoms in the old 12 months were HIV-infected, compared to 24 % who did non describe an STI or STI symptom. For work forces, the corresponding HIV prevalence figures were 32 % and 18 % . Other factors: – though the above factors are the taking 1s in footings of distributing HIV & A ; AIDS in Zimbabwe other factors like poorness, migratory labour systems with household breaks, commercial sex workers, low position of adult females due to gender favoritism and male laterality still play a important proportion in footings of advancing HIV transmittal.

11 Things You Must Avoid During SAT Practice Tests

Things You Must Avoid During SAT Practice Tests SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you preparing for the SAT by taking practice tests? Awesome! You’re on the right track! How can you ensure that you’re getting the most out of each practice test you take? You need to make sure you’re taking each practice test underrealistic testing conditions. What’re you doing (maybe subconsciously) that’s ruining your realistic testing conditions? #1: Not Timing Yourself You need to stick to the exact timing of the SAT.If you’re not following the timing, you’re not going to be prepared the day of the test.You need to time yourself on your SAT practice tests so that you get used to the pacing of the test. It’s like training for a marathon. Don’t show up to a marathon without timing your practice and expect to place!The SAT is amarathon. Time yourself. Get used to the pace, so you don’t have issues on test day! Not sure the exact time you’re allowed for the SAT?On the SAT, the time allowed for each section is listed on the first page of that section of the practice test. See below: If you want more guidance, thencheck out our guide to SAT timing. #2: Using Your Phone But, Dora, you just said to time myself, and if I can’t use my phone, how do I time myself?I recommend that you use a watch instead of a phone.If you get used to timing yourself with your phone, you may feel lost the day of the test when you’re not allowed to use your phone. (NOTE: you’re not allowed to have your phone out at all during the test even during breaks). Instead, buy a cheap watch such as this one which you would be able to use the day of the test.Start using it during your practice so that you get used to pacing yourself with the watch. What if I use my phone in airplane mode?Don’t do it!Yes, it’s better than using your phone not in airplane mode, but you’ll still have the same issue: you’ll be so used to relying on your phone to pace yourself that you may feel confused using a normal watch/clock the day of the test. What if I’m using my phone as my calculator?No!!!Your phone will not be permitted the day of the test, so make sure you buy yourself an approved calculator and use it during your SAT math calculator section practice, so you get used to it. #3: Using Your Calculator On All Sections Speaking of calculators, remember that you’re only allowed to have your calculator out for one part of the test: the SAT math calculator section.You can’t have your calculator out for the Reading, Writing, or non-calculator Math test.During your practice, you should only use your calculator on the one math section that allows you to use a calculator. Do not use your calculator on the non-calculator math section.You need to practice your mental math so that you’re prepared to do mental math the day of the test.If during your practice, you use your calculator instead of your brain, you’ll be tempted to do so the day of the test. #4: Watching TV, Listening to Music, and/or Wearing Ear Plugs For some students, watching tv and/or listening to music while you take your practice test will serve as a distraction, making them score worse because they can’t concentrate.For other students, watching tv and/or listening to music can serve as an aid, helping them maintain their focus, artificially increasing their score.Either way, you cannot have the TV on nor music playing during your practice tests.You need to get used to taking the test in a quiet environment. That being said, do not wear ear plugs during your practice.Some students like ear plugs because it cuts out all background noise.However, the College Board does not allow the use of ear plugs during their tests.You need to get used to hearing background noise while you take the test because on your test day, you’ll have background sounds of paper rustling, pencils scratching, erasers rubbing, and more. Not during practice tests! #5: Eating and/or Drinking You will not be allowed to eat or drink during the test.You’ll be allowed to eat and drink outside of your testing roomduring the scheduled breaks. Don’t eat or drink while taking practice tests (exception: you can eat and drink during the break).This may sound silly, but it is important.If you're trying to eat and test at the same time, that can be a problematic distraction. Also, your body gets an energy boost when you have a snack or drink water.If you eat and drink non-stop during your practice, you’ll likely get an energy boost, and the test may seem â€Å"easier.†Then, the day of the test you might be surprised when the test seems â€Å"longer† and â€Å"harder† because you don’t have the added energy from the food and drink. As I’ve said, the SAT is amarathon.Train for the SAT as such.During your practice, only grab food or drinkduring the scheduled breaks. #6: Taking Unscheduled Bathroom Breaks Just as you won’t be allowed to eat or drink during the test, you also won’t be allowed to leave the room to go to the bathroom during the SAT.You’ll have to wait to go to the bathroom until the schedule breaks.Practice this during your practice tests. You need to get used to only using the restroom during the scheduled breaks.The last thing you want on your test day is to be thinking about how badly you need to pee while trying to take the test. I highly recommend using the restroom immediately before the test begins (or you start your practice test). #7: Not Sitting at a Desk Where you take the test is important, don’t sit on your couch or your bed!You need to get used to sitting upright.If you lounge on the couch or bed while taking your practice tests, you might feel thrown the day of the test when you’re put in a new, uncomfortable desk. Set up your practice test environment like the actual SAT test environment.Sit at an empty desk or table with nothing on it other than your practice test booklet, pencils, erasers, and calculator (when allowed). NOOOOOO! #8: Splitting the Test Over a Few Days Remember how I said the SAT is amarathon?Well, runners aren’t allowed to split up a marathon across several days.You need to practice sitting for full-length SAT tests.While you might not have 4 hours every day to sit for a full-length practice test, you need to make sure you sit for at least two full-length practice tests before you take the real SAT. On the days where you cannot sit for a full-length practice test, you should, at least, complete a full section of the test.For example, sit for the full 25-minute non-calculator math section without taking any breaks.The same rules mentioned in this article apply when you sit for just one section of the test: no food/drink, no music/tv/ear plugs, etc. #9: Not Bubbling In It’s easy to forget about the scantron and just to circle the answers in your practice test.However, using a scantron can be confusing, so you don’t want your first time using one to be on the day you take the SAT/ACT. During your practice tests, practice bubbling in answers as you work through your practice test.You want to get practice bubbling in so that you don’t accidentally bubble in wrong answers the day of the test.If you have time, I recommend double checking your scantron answers with your booklet answers at the end of the section, so you make sure you didn’t accidentally bubble any incorrectly. #10: Using Pen Since you need to practice bubbling in, you also need to practice using a pencil and eraser!You’re required to use a pencil on the SAT. NOTE: You cannot use a mechanical pencil. You can only use a regular #2 pencil. I recommend bringing at least 3 sharpened #2 pencils with you to your test center. Also, you should have a basic pencil sharpener and a big eraser. Take your SAT practice tests using these supplies.The day of the SAT you want to walk into your test center feeling confident and comfortable.To do that, you need your practice to mimic the real testing environment as much as possible!Get used to having these supplies on your desk. Get used to sharpening a broken pencil with your hand sharpener! If you’re anything like me, any little issue can spike your nerves during a big test.Practice with pencils, erasers, and a pencil sharpener, so you don’t get nervous using them the day of the test. Get your pencils ready! #: Using Any Support Material Do not use any extra materials during your practice tests.As I’ve mentioned, the day of the test, you won’t be allowed to have anything on your desk except for your test booklet, pencils, erasers, pencil sharpener, and your calculator (only during the calculator math section).Only use those materials during your practice! Do not use a formula cheat sheet (other than what’s provided in the SAT math section if you’re taking the SAT), and do not use a dictionary to look up words!During the test, you will not be able to use any outside resources, so do not incorporate them into your practice. If there are words you don’t know during your SAT practice test, try to figure out what they mean by using context clues(use the words around that word to figure out what the word means).Try your best to answer the questions without looking the word up.Circle the words you don’t know so that after you finish your practice test, you can easily find those words and look them up in a dictionary. Summary: How to Get Realistic Practice All of the above can be summarized simply: obey the rules of the test during your practice!Realistic practice will prepare you the best to ace the test and make you feel confident and comfortable the day of the test. Still unsure of how to get realistic practice? Check out our guide to making your practice test just like the real thing. What’s Next? Not sure whether the SAT or ACT is right for you? Let’s help you pick the right test for you! Not sure where you’d like to go to college? Figure out how to find your target school. Interested in attending Harvard or another Ivy League school? Check out our guide to getting in! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

The Chemical Composition of Wood Smoke

The Chemical Composition of Wood Smoke Smoke is something that we will deal with all throughout our lives, in everyday situations as well as in emergencies. But not all smoke is the same in fact, the smoke will vary depending upon what is being burned. So then what, exactly, is smoke made of? Smoke consists of gasses and airborne particles produced as a result of combustion or burning. The specific chemicals depend on the fuel used to produce the fire. Here is a look as some of the principal chemicals produced from wood smoke. Keep in mind, there are thousands of chemicals in smoke so the chemical composition of smoke is extremely complex. Chemicals in Smoke In addition to the chemicals listed in the table, wood smoke also contains a large amount of unreacted air, carbon dioxide, and water. It contains a variable amount of mold spores. VOCs are volatile organic compounds. Aldehydes found in wood smoke include formaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, acetaldehyde, and furfural. Alkyl benzenes found in wood smoke include toluene. Oxygenated monoaromatics include guaiacol, phenol, syringol and catechol. Numerous PAHs or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are found in smoke. Many trace elements are released. Reference: 1993 EPA Report, A Summary of the Emissions Characterization and Noncancer Respiratory Effects of Wood Smoke, EPA-453/R-93-036 Chemical Composition of Wood Smoke Chemical g/kg Wood carbon monoxide 80-370 methane 14-25 VOCs* (C2-C7) 7-27 aldehydes 0.6-5.4 substituted furans 0.15-1.7 benzene 0.6-4.0 alkyl benzenes 1-6 acetic acid 1.8-2.4 formic acid 0.06-0.08 nitrogen oxides 0.2-0.9 sulfur dioxide 0.16-0.24 methyl chloride 0.01-0.04 napthalene 0.24-1.6 substituted napthalenes 0.3-2.1 oxygenated monoaromatics 1-7 total particle mass 7-30 particulate organic carbon 2-20 oxygenated PAHs 0.15-1 Individual PAHs 10-5-10-2 chlorinated dioxins 1x10-5-4x10-5 normal alkanes (C24-C30) 1x10-3-6x10-3 sodium 3x10-3-2.8x10-2 magnesium 2x10-4-3x10-3 aluminum 1x10-4-2.4x10-2 silicon 3x10-4-3.1x10-2 sulfur 1x10-3-2.9x10-2 chlorine 7x10-4-2.1x10-2 potassium 3x10-3-8.6x10-2 calcium 9x10-4-1.8x10-2 titanium 4x10-5-3x10-3 vanadium 2x10-5-4x10-3 chromium 2x10-5-3x10-3 manganese 7x10-5-4x10-3 iron 3x10-4-5x10-3 nickel 1x10-6-1x10-3 copper 2x10-4-9x10-4 zinc 7x10-4-8x10-3 bromine 7x10-5-9x10-4 lead 1x10-4-3x10-3

Answering the questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11250 words

Answering the questions - Assignment Example 3. It is extremely difficult to precisely define religion because there are several counterexamples posed. Diverse authors have provided various features of religion in their definitions. The feature of religion to express the complete reality of goodness in all aspects of living has been proposed by F.H. Bradley. On the other hand, C.P. Tiele has explained religion as the pure and authentic reverent disposition which is present in the mind frame and known as piety. 4. The working definition is that religion is constituted by a set of beliefs, actions and experiences, both personal and corporate, organized around a concept of an Ultimate Reality. Their definition is not satisfactory because a given religion, with its preferred attitudes and emotions, its prescribed rituals, its important stories and myths and its recommended way of life can never be fully understood. 5. Beliefs are truth claims or statements which are accepted to be true. In a particular sense, all religious have the ir bases in beliefs. The five basic areas of beliefs are as follows: a) Humans find themselves in a predicament b) Humans need a way to resolve the predicament c) There is an existence of a transcendent being which assists humans or is the very objective of existence d) This â€Å"something† can be approached or known in a particular manner e) Something must be done by human to achieve liberation or salvation 6. Philosophy of religion is the attempt to analyze and critically evaluate religious beliefs. This is mainly because philosophy is the study of beliefs and religious philosophy tries to evaluate the diverse beliefs on which religions are based. Religious philosophers try to seek answers to religious beliefs in determining whether they are consistent and coherent. Critical questions are raised as to whether religious beliefs are plausible, probable, meaningful and true. The twentieth century witnessed an advent of religious philosophers to be influenced by analogy. Thus, religious philosophy may also be referred to the study trying to analyze and clarify significant arguments and concepts. 7. a. The editors have an approach to critically review the diverse religious beliefs by trying to and clarify significant arguments and concepts. b. The issue in the discussion of â€Å"the God of the philosophers† and â€Å"the God of faith† is that rigorous intellectual investigation has nothing to offer to devout faith. 8. The unreflective persons are those who have not made a serious attempt to reflect on the grounds of opinions. On the other hand reflective persons are those who responsibly look at all relevant arguments, clarify key ideas and carefully trace the implications of beliefs. 9. The three points of a philosopher of religion is to try and think critically about the issues related to the theistic concept of God, respect serious and responsible thought despite the outcome and respecting the rational process demands that the points rec ognize the stance of philosophers of religion on significant issues. Assignment 1. A â€Å"person-relative view of proof† means that the argument should be sound with accurate premises and a valid conclusion should be drawn from the premises. A person should know the argument to be sound for it to function as a proof. The role of proof helps in extending knowledge and this

Wagners Die Walkre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wagners Die Walkre - Essay Example The scenes Die Walkure, Act III, Scene 3 presents Walton, overcome and deeply moved by emotions, bidding farewell to Brunnhilde, who was then on her knees. Walton raises her from her knees while gazing her in the eyes, still filled with emotions, and echoes the farewell words. In his sentiments, Walton recalls the beautiful memories that he shared with Brunnhilde while expressing his regrets and difficulties that he was experiencing at the moment. The mood in these setting is that of grief, when Walton, despite his love for Brunnhilde, has to leave. The scenes presented the comeback of Valkyries from a battle joined by Brunnhilde alongside Sieglinde. Sieglinde had to live to bear Siegmund’s child, and is currently allowed away, prior to Walton’s arrival. Valkyries condemns his adorable daughter onto a rock, where she had to lie senselessly until roused by a mortal who was to be her husband. She pleads that her husband should be son to Sieglinde, whose name would be Siegfried. Walton departs leaving Brunnhilde surrounded by a protective fire meant to guard her as she sleeps to her magic (Roth 153). Once more, the motifs are interwoven, providing a further dimension to the story that it is complex and fraught with accompaniment of deeper and wider association. Orchestral extracts from Die Walkure include a stormy prelude on the first act, a prelude onto the second and a famous ride of Valkyries that introduces the third act. Siegmund remembers the promise of his father of giving him a sword. The narrative of Sieglinde brings out her sad forced marriage to Hunding. The joy brought by Siegmund to his sister is evident in his winter storms that waned in the moon of delight, while greeting and attributing her coming as the spring The second act of this scene illustrates Fricka’s denunciation of Wotan, and the explanations of Wotan to Brunnhilde, when the love of young pleasure left. Brunnhilde informs Sigmund of his impending death. Her pleas to the father

Direction of the Company Avid Technologies Inc Essay

Direction of the Company Avid Technologies Inc - Essay Example From the aforementioned arguments, it is clear that the scope of the organization’s business for development is bright as the efficiency of the organization to develop digital media for not only commercial purposes but also for marketing communication opens the doors for corporate business development for the organization. This is in line with the arguments of Gerry Johnson and Kevan Scholes 92003)who say that the level of innovation retaining the core business strategy will leverage competitive advantage and new market development for an organization. The company’s involvement in the marketing communication and its position in the games industries are the key areas for development to accomplish for future development. The key objectives set above can be measured against the company’s accomplishment in the form of market share for the organization in the aforementioned market segments. The company generates revenue mainly through the production and distribution o f digital media to clients in the film industry, games industry and other media related commercial business markets. The fact that the company pioneers in the postproduction media management and manipulation of the video in using a computer are the key to the company’s revenue generation. The range of products sold by the company mainly depending upon the requirements of the customers and their specific needs with respect to the projects they handle like the movies and visual effects for a given movie project makes it clear that he company’s core strategy of producing, managing and distributing digital media is the generator of revenue for the  organization.  

Evaluation of Effectiveness For Fedex Advertisement

Evaluation of Effectiveness For Fedex Advertisement According to FedEx China (2009), Ex Corporation was set up in 1973 and it is the biggest express transportation company in the world. The company offers a series of overall services including transportation, electronic business and business operations to global consumers and enterprises. As a brand it has a great reputation. Therefore it provides general business applications and solutions by competing with other companies to work smoothly. According to FedEx China (2009), FedEx has a $32 billion income per year and it encourages its 260,000 staff to pay a high degree of attention to safety problems, moral and business ethics of the highest standard, and also to satisfy the requirements of clients and society completely. In addition, FedEx Express now provides about 3.4 million packages per day. The company operates a fleet of about 654 aircraft and some 43,000 motorized vehicles and trailers.  Moreover, the global FedEx names are: FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight, FedEx Office, FedEx Custom Critical, FedEx Trade Networks and FedEx Services, (About FedEx, 2009). It has been ranked the most admired and trustworthy company and provides fast and faithful express services to more than 220 countries and regions. There is a world airline and a land network to speedily transport the packages, needing only 24 hours or 48 hours to received (FedEx China, 2009). 1.2 Theories In this report, two theories will be used, Market Segmentation and Market Mix. According to Hall et al (2008:66), Market Segmentation is the break down a market into sub-groups with similar characteristics. Moreover, producer may then create products and services for them. Behavioural segmentation is one of the ways of Market Segmentation; segment markets based on how consumers relate to a product, (Hall et al, 2008:69). Loyalty is an example of behavioural segmentation, where the company separates, and divides consumers into different categories. Apart from Market Segmentation, another theory is Marketing Mix, which includes product, price, place and promotion. The Product requires producers have to know clearly what things are required by customers. The price indicates a business must know the worth of its product. It can make a high price if sold as a luxurious item, but not because of its high cost, (Hall et al, 2008). The promotion includes TV advertising (above the line) and pe rsonal selling (below the line). Place means that the products have to be sent to the consumers at the right place and right time, (Hall et al, 2008). 1.3 Aims The aim of this report is firstly to show how the advertisement is related to market segmentation and Marketing Mix. The second aim is to explain how the advertisement has been created to appeal to consumers. Finally to discuss how this advertisement has been created to target a specific market segment. 2. Findings Figure1: Epromos (2008) The FedEx logo was created by Lindon Leader of Fandor Associates in 1994 (Logoblog, 2008). The Fed is usually purple and the Ex has different colors in different logos, giving different meanings. In this advertisement, the logo is the original one in which the Ex is orange. The background of the logo is white, White means safety, (Color Wheel Pro, 2008). Purple conveys power, nobility, luxury, and ambition (Color Wheel Pro, 2008). Orange symbolizes enthusiasm, fascination, happiness, creativity, determination, attraction, success, encouragement, and stimulation (Color Wheel Pro, 2008). The shirt is blue, which conveys faith, confidence, trust and loyalty, (Color Wheel Pro, 2008). 3. Discussion 3.1 Marketing segmentation Demographic segmentation, Hall (2008:68) states that markets are often divided by social class. Most target audiences of FedEx are enterprises. Business needs effective, reliable and secure service, thus FedEx provides faithful and safe product delivery and is appropriate to business requirements. Furthermore, the quality, speed and convenience of FedEx appeals to consumers to enjoy their services. The great reputation makes FedEx have a vast range of consumers and businesses all over the world, and enterprises trust FedEx. The lasted successes are a result of the progress of market segmentation done by FedEx. Marketing mix 3.2.1 Price From the advertisement, it seems FedEx provides the service to the average citizen; therefore the price should be low. A FedEx overnight letter cost $11, it is cheaper than UPS and DHL, which cost $12 and $13, ( Oppapers, 2009). 3.2.2 Promotion As mentioned in the introduction, FedEx is the largest express transport company in the world, (FedEx China, 2008). The promotion of FedEx is above-the-line promotion (Hall, 2008). Thus the company publicizes through TV or newspapers. According to Hall (2008), good advertising should raise (AIDA) awareness and interest, desire and action. This advertisement is likely to reach the I of AIDA. In this advertisement, the person is not an attractive or a well-known model, who just an average man in the street. It presents FedEx in a popular style. In addition, this middle aged man in that shirt is making a phone call, he may be a trader. This may show FedExs target audiences to be enterprises. The logo of FedEx is on the shirt, in other words, the person in this advertisement is promoting for FedEx. Overall, the advertising promotes in an original and interesting way. 4. Conclusion 4.1 Summary To sum up, the color usage of the FedEx advertisement (blue) displays the faith, trust and loyalty, because most of their target groups are enterprises. Therefore they use this advertisement to promote their products to these enterprises. It shows the purpose of FedEx, which is ensuring to people their services are consistently reliable and safe. FedEx makes use of Marketing Mix and Market Segmentation in their advertisement to satisfy consumers. 4.2 Recommendations From this advertisement, FedEx use an average man to promote their brand. It would be strategy that FedEx may consider is to find a famous model to advertise, that may appeal more to some consumers. Another recommendation is that the shirt in the advertisement is too blank. FedEx could add several banners to show what they want to promote. Last but not least, the logo of FedEx has different colors which has different meanings, thus they should make use of different colors shirts to appeal to consumers.

Wildlife Corridors :: Wildlife Habitats Conservation Biology Essays

Wildlife Corridors With the continuously accelerating rate in the loss of wildlife habitat, there is a concern which greets the upcoming century. The problem with the presently remaining "untouched" wilderness is that large whole pieces of wild habitat end up manipulated to suit the needs of human populations. Often times mismanagement of land, besides the mere intrusion into a delicate habitat, exerts stress upon it’s state of equilibrium; so much so that certain species within an area become at risk for extinction. Depending on the stability and degree of interspecie dependency, the extinction of a couple of species of animals could lead to the gradual eventual degradation of that habitat. The focus of many leading conservation biologists within the last three to four decades has been on the study of different factors and dimensions that influence the extinction rate of different types of wild habitat. By understanding the factors and dimensions involved in the maintenance of habitat stability , conservationists may be able to more accurately explain how fragmentation effect specific types of habitat and population, and more accurately predict the effects of proposed conservation projects. Now as we enter a new era with frightening statistics on environmental destruction, conservationists are calling for quick action to slow down the rate of extinction and habitat fragmentation. The present popular proposed solution is for the construction of dispersal corridors, which will reconnect pieces of isolated habitat and reduce the rate of wildlife extinction. There is not enough available material to support this proposal but there is also not enough to prove it unworthy either. Although this is not the only solution to the problem, it is the most appealing to conservation biologists who desire to protect and reclaim wilderness quickly. Thus, ecological corridors is a critical topic of debate because it has become a popular concept taken very seriously by radical conservationis ts who are in a haste to implement the plan but who do not have sufficient data to prove that it might not counter their predictions and, as many skeptics fear, prove detrimental for habitat restoration. CORRIDOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Analysis In regions where habitat is fragmented by urbanization, cattle grazing, deforestation, etc., animals need a natural temporarily sustainable pathway for movement and migration in order to prevent either chances of inbreeding or overexploitation of prey. (1,3) Corridors act as a source of connectivity between two or more isolated habitat patches, making a natural landscape more confluent.

Hiv In Manipur India Health And Social Care Essay

Despite the fact that HIV/AIDS has become a serious public wellness job in Manipur for the last decennaries impacting people of all societal groups, the cognition and understanding degree of the general population is frequently marred by misconceptions taking to the marginalisation of HIV/AIDs and PLHAs. This article is based on prolong fieldwork carried out in two territories of Manipur viz ; Imphal and Chandel in the twelvemonth 2008 with the purpose to measure cognition and understanding degree of the general population sing HIV/AIDS, their attitude towards PLHAs ; and to unearth the myth, belief and patterns related to HIV/AIDS which might exposed them to HIV infection. A sum of 200 respondents i.e. 100 respondents from each territory dwelling of equal figure of male and female from the general population were interviewed for the intent. Knowledge, attitude, behaviour, and pattern towards HIV/AIDS in Manipur, India: a cross sectional survey. HIV/AIDS has spread like wildfire since its first sensing in 1981and has claimed 1000000s of lives across the universe. Harmonizing to the UNAID study, there were 33 million people populating with HIV, 2.7 million people were freshly infected with HIV and 2.0 million people died of AIDS in the twelvemonth 2007 alone ( UNAID study, 2007 ) . The spread of HIV/AIDS continues to intensify with every passing twelvemonth despite attempts to control it by the states across the continents. AIDS continues to be one of the slayer diseases of the twenty-first century without any remedy so far. It knows no societal, gender, caste and geographical boundary thereby impacting people from all walks of life: immature and old, rich and hapless, male and female, and cutting across different states of the universe. In India, HIV/AIDS has become one of the most ambitious public wellness jobs. The first HIV/AIDS instance in India was detected in 1986 at CMC, Vellore, from blood samples taken from commercial sex workers in Madras. Since so, it has spread heterogeneously and steadily to all the other States and Union districts. India is now, the 3rd largest HIV/AIDS affected state in the universe and remains the largest in Asia ( NACO, 2007 ) . The entire figure of people populating with HIV/AIDS ( PLHAs ) in India in 2007 was estimated to be 2.31 million ( 1.8-2.9 million ) . Out of this, 39 % of PLHAs are estimated to be females ( Technical brief, NACO, 2007 ) . Heterosexual is still the prevailing manner of HIV transmittal in India. However, the transmittal form of HIV in India is uneven with southern provinces describing more of heterosexual transmittal than the northern provinces. In the north eastern provinces, it is a combination of both shooting drug users and unprotected sex. Six provinces in India reported high HIV prevalence of more than 1 % among female parents go toing ante-natal clinic. Manipur is one such six provinces besides Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Nagaland. With barely 0.2 % of the state ‘s entire population, yet lending about 8 % of India ‘s entire HIV positive instances, AIDS has emerged as a new and serious public wellness exigency in Manipur. Though the major transmittal path in Manipur still remains through shooting drug users ( IDUs ‘ ) , sexual transmittal is non far behind. A recent one-year lookout surveillance study ( NACO, 2006 ) revealed that HIV prevalence among IDUs has well come down over the old ages but Manipur still has HIV prevalence of IDUs ‘ above 10 % . The rapid addition in HIV transmittal through insecure sex in the province in recent times is extremely refering. The prevalence of HIV among female sex workers ( FSW ) in Manipur is 13.07 % , following merely to Maharashtra ( 17.9 % ) and among work forces holding sex with work forces ( MSM ) is 16.4 % . ( HIV sentinel surveillance/technical brief, NACO ) . Vertical transmittal of HIV infection from hubby to get married monogamous married woman in Manipur is deriving impulse over the last few old ages with a study of more than 1 % prevalence of HIV among female parents go toing prenatal clinic. HIV/AIDS is progressively acute every bed of societal strata making even to the remotest country in Manipur. Negi K.S et.al ( 2006 ) in their survey observed that most of the persons in community do non hold correct and complete information about HIV/AIDS and its bar. The latest study of Manipur State AIDS Control Society ( MSACS ) revealed that Manipur has 40,000 HIV positive reported instances among the general population. HIV/AIDS has therefore, go a serious public wellness job in Manipur, impacting people from all societal strata. Therefore, maintaining the widespread job of HIV in head, the present survey has been planned to measure the cognition and apprehension of the general population sing HIV/AIDS, their attitude towards PLHAs † ; and to unearth the myth, belief and patterns related to HIV/AIDS which might expose them to HIV infection.Material and methods:This was a cross-section and experimental survey carried out in two territories of Manipur viz Chandel and Imphal from June 2008 till mid-November 2008. A sum of 200 respondents consisting of 100 respondents each from two sub-divisions i. vitamin E Lamphelpat in Imphal West and Chandel in Chandel territories, were contacted in their place and interviewed. The respondents who were at least 18 old ages of age and above were indiscriminately selected and interviewed after taking their informed consent. Equal Numberss of male and female respondents from both the territories were selected for the intent. A pre-tested questionnaire consisting of points on socio-demographic background, cognition, attitude, behaviour and pattern of HIV/AIDS was used for roll uping informations from each of the respondents. The interview though, based on the questionnaire was a combination of closed and open-ended, and the interview was carried out in free flowing mode where respondents revealed beyond what is being asked. This was supplemented by participant observation. Imphal is the capital metropolis of Manipur and lies at the bosom of the province. It is a commercial and official hub of the province. There are different communities populating in Imphal, the majority of which is constituted by the Meitei community followed by Muslims, different tribal groups, and non-Manipuri migrators. Imphal territory being the capital metropolis holds an border over other territories and has the best wellness attention installations available in the province. Besides that, it is besides place to many apex authorities and non-government offices including assorted NGOs ‘ working for the public assistance of HIV/AIDS in the province. It besides has an border over other territories in footings of substructure, conveyance and communicating, educational establishments, etc. Imphal is divided into two districts-east and west. The country of the survey was in located in Lamphelpat sub-division of Imphal-west territory. This sub-division is the most thickly popula ted country ( 2001 nose count ) in Imphal West. Majority of the people in Lamphelpat follow Hinduism, Muslim, Meitei Sanamahi and Christianity. Another country of the survey is Chandel territory, situated on the southern portion of Manipur 64km off from Imphal metropolis. It is inhabited by scheduled folks preponderantly belonging to the Naga cultural group followed by folks belonging to Kuki/Zou cultural groups. There is besides a minor population of non-tribal communities belonging to Meitei, Muslim and non-Manipuri migrators. The field survey was carried out in the territory headquarter of Chandel sub-division where the survey population comprises of different Naga folk. Christianity is the dominant faith practiced among the tribal population of Chandel sub-division.Datas analysis:Data was entered in SPSS-Pc version 11.5/15 ( Check ) . Data was expressed in per centums and comparings between the groups were done utilizing Chi-square trial. Unpaired't ‘ trial was performed for happening out differences between groups for quantitative variables. ‘p ‘ value less than 0.05 was considered important.Consequenc esDemographic profile of the survey population:A sum of 200 respondents from both Imphal and Chandel territories were interviewed utilizing the framed KABP questionnaires. There were 100 respondents from each of the territory consisting of 50 male and 50 female. The respondents in Chandel belonged to the tribal population of the Nagas while that of Imphal belonged to the Meiteis. The respondents belonging to different age groups were maximal for: 18-30 ( 45.5 % ) , 31-40 ( 29 % ) , 41-50 ( 16 % ) , 51-60 97 % ) and 61-above ( 2.5 % ) in falling order. In footings of matrimonial position, the respondents comprises largely of married work forces ( 54 % ) and adult female ( 61 % ) , followed by single work forces ( 44 % ) and adult females ( 34 % ) . The educational position of the respondents in Imphal countries largely studied till secondary ( 33 % ) or up to alumnuss ( 33 % ) while in Chandel, most of the respondents studied till secondary ( 30 ) . Gender wise, male respondents were found to be more educated than female. At least 39 % respondents in Chandel were either illiterate or have primary instruction as against 5 % respondents in Imphal. Overall, most respondents studied till secondary ( 31.5 ) followed by alumnuss ( 29 % ) . In footings of business, bulk of the respondents were unemployed ( 28 % ) . Majority of female respondents were housewife ( 21.5 % ) . Employment position of the respondents was seen to be more ( 17 % ) in Imphal than in Chandel ( 7 % ) . Most of the respondents in Imphal comprise of unemployed ( 32 % ) , followed by those employed ( 17 % ) while in Chandel, homemaker ( 29 % ) and pupils ( 26 % ) constitute the majority of the respondents. With regard to faith, 71 % respondents in Imphal follow Hinduism, 25 % Meitei Sanamahi, 3 % Christianity and 1 % other faith. As compared to this, all the respondents in Chandel follow Christianity.Findingss:Cognition: From the survey, it was found that except for one respondent from Chandel, all the other respondents in both the survey countries have heard of AIDS. On farther question about what AIDS disease was, bulk of them could non give correct reply. Merely 5 % respondents in Imphal and 6 % respondents in Chandel gave right reply to this. Male respondents ( 8 % ) were somewhat knowing about what AIDS disease was than female respondents ( 3 % ) . With regard to the inquiry on what is HIV? 17 % respondents in Imphal gave right reply as against 22 % right reply in Chandel. Gender wise, the figure of male respondents ( 32 % ) with right response was extremely important ( p & lt ; 0.000 ) than female respondents ( 7 % ) . 57 % respondents from Imphal and 47 % respondents in Chandel knew about the difference between HIV and AIDS. A important difference ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) was observed between the two genders as male respondents ( 65 % ) who gave right response was significantly higher than female respondents ( 39 % ) . Sing the etiology of HIV/AIDS, bulk of the respondents from both the countries i.e. 69.5 % were knowing about the causative agent for HIV. The staying figure of respondents had misconceptions. A important difference of P & lt ; .020 and ( P & lt ; .006 ) was observed in Imphal and Chandel severally in this facet. Sing the manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, bulk of the respondents i.e. & gt ; 90 % from Imphal and Chandel had right cognition about it when it concerns agitating custodies, infected blood transfusion, sharing towels, unprotected sex, coughing/sneezing, and sharing septic acerate leaf. & gt ; 75 % had right cognition on mosquito bite, kissing/hugging, and infected female parent to child. A important difference of P & lt ; 0.022 was noted in Imphal with regard to sharing of towels while in Chandel, a important difference of P & lt ; 0.001, P & lt ; 0.005, P & lt ; 0.001 was observed with regard to mosquito bite, sharing of towels, and kissing/hugging severally. The response on the cognition of common symptoms of HIV/AIDS was met with 93 % and 87 % respondents mentioning weight loss and loss of complexion/appetite as the most common symptoms severally of PLHAs. Respondents besides considered fever/cough ( 79 % ) , diarrhoea ( 74.5 % ) , OI like T.B/cancer ( 74 % ) , roseola on the tegument ( 73 % ) and swelling in inguens ( 71 % ) in falling orders as other symptoms of PLHAs. On the beginnings of information on HIV/AIDS, bulk of the respondents i.e. & gt ; 90 % from Imphal country have mass media like Television ( local channel ) , wireless, newspaper ; street dramas, as their chief beginning. Another, 72-88 % reported NGOs ‘ , and a negligible 18-4 % reported church as their chief beginnings of information. No important difference was observed in imphal. In contrast, Chandel reported high per centum i.e. a†°?84 % of respondents acquiring information from church, and NGOs. A important difference of response i.e P & lt ; 0.037, P & lt ; 0.002, P & lt ; 0.001 and p & lt ; 0.013 in the beginnings of information was noted in wireless, telecasting, newspaper and NGOs.Attitude:The survey found that bulk of the respondents from both the survey countries i.e. 53.3 % were strongly in favour of the attitudinal statements that HIV/AIDS is a penalty of God for bad behaviour. A important difference ( p & lt ; 0.012 ) was observed in Chandel as female respon dents ( 68 % ) were extremely in favour of the statement than their male opposite numbers ( 42 % ) . 83.5 % and 91.5 % respondents besides considered HIV/AIDS as a job chiefly associated with immoral behaviour and shooting drug users ( IDU ) severally. No important difference was observed in the above statements. Respondents ( 71.5 % ) besides opine that PLHA should non acquire married. A important difference P & lt ; 0.005 was observed in chandel with regard to this response. A humongous 94.5 % besides expressed their concern for compulsory HIV proving prior to marriage while 85 % respondents voiced the demand for separate wellness Centre for PLHAs. 46.5 % respondents said PLHAs should be isolated to forestall farther transmittal while 46 % respondents said they would non wish to mix with PLHAs. A important difference of P & lt ; 0.047 and 0.002 severally was noted in the above statements in chandel. 67.5 % respondents besides said they would experience ashamed if they were infected with HIV/AIDS and 39.5 % respondents agreed that PLHAs should non be operated for any surgical job. A important difference with regard to these statements was seen at P & lt ; 0.023 and p & lt ; 0.002 severally among male and female respondents of chandel. As respects to pre-marital sex, merely mere 16 % respondents had no issue while the bulks were non in favour of it. There was a important difference of P & lt ; 0.040 in the response among male and female respondents in chandel. 76.5 % respondents strongly believed that PLHAs are destined to decease Oklahoman or subsequently. No important difference was observed in both the two survey sites. However, when it comes to learning school kids about safer sex, whacking 96.5 % respondents agreed to it with no important difference seen in the response in both the two survey country. Sing corporate duty of the society to care for PLHAs, 84 % respondents were in favour of it. However, a important difference of P & lt ; 0.006 was noted merely in respondents of chandel. Behaviors and Practices: The general mean age for the oncoming of sex was 23.37A ±5.73. However, it was noted that respondents in Chandel ( 20.21A ±4.08 ) had earlier onset of sexual intercourse than those in Imphal ( 27.36A ±4.99 ) . Out of 200 respondents, a sum of 113 respondents responded to this inquiry of age at first sexual brush. Education was found to be straight relative to the oncoming of sex. Less educated respondents had earlier onset of sex than those educated 1s. The mean for age at matrimony was 25.51A ±5.64 and instruction was found to hold some influence on the age of matrimony every bit good. Less educated respondents marry earlier than those educated 1s. A important difference was observed in the age of matrimony among female respondents from Chandel as the induction of matrimony begins every bit early as the age of 14 ( 20.42A ±41 ) . From the analysis, it was found that few or more respondents were found to hold hazardous behaviour susceptible to HIV infection. 7.5 % respondents admitted holding been exposed to blood transfusion for assorted medical jobs. 41 % said their organic structures have been injured by crisp objects such as blade/knife. The response to the latter statement was favourably high in chandel & gt ; 53 % . However, no important difference was observed. Negligible male respondents i.e. 3.5 % revealed to hold used opprobrious drugs such as intoxicant, diacetylmorphine, drugs, etc. No female was found utilizing opprobrious drugs. 62 % admitted being physically involved with their spouse i.e. either with partner of non-regular sexual spouse. Here, a important difference of P & lt ; 0.002 was observed in imphal with more male acknowledging to it. Another 10.5 % consisting largely of male respondents were found to be indulging in sex with non-regular spouse. A important difference of P & lt ; 0.018 in imphal and P & lt ; 0.001 in chandel was observed. With regard to utilize of rubber in sex either with regular ( partner ) or non-regular sexual spouses, 18.5 % respondents said they used it systematically. In chandel, a important difference of P & lt ; 0.004 was noted with male respondents utilizing rubber in sex. 17 % respondents of the married twosome used household planning of any signifier. 40.5 % respondents consisting largely of male respondents said they have attended awareness camps/programmes on HIV/AIDS. A important difference of P & lt ; 0.014 and p & lt ; 0.011 in imphal and chandel severally, was observed. It was besides noted that 34 % respondents had done HIV proving at least one time in their life. Another 39 % respondents showed their willingness to travel for HIV proving if necessary. More male respondents were seen to demo willingness to travel for HIV proving. A important difference was observed in both the survey countries i.e. P & lt ; 0.007 in chandel and P & lt ; 0.035 in chandel. Another 28 % respondents said they would delegate specific utensils if anyone in their household was infected with the virus. No important difference was seen here. 16 % respondents besides admit that people do insult/tease people with the virus. A important difference of P & lt ; 0.001 was observed as really less female respondents in chandel admit to PLHAs being teased/insulted. Another 50.5 % besides said spiritual places are usually denied to PLHAs which is considered baronial place. The response from female respondents was more and a really high important difference of P & lt ; 0.000 was observed between the two genders in chandel.Discussion:The present survey revealed that though all the respondents heard about AIDS, many of them did non cognize what AIDS precisely was. For most respondents, AIDS was normally synonymous with sexual promiscuousness, immoral behaviour and shooting drug users. This belief was chiefly propounded by the fact that most PLHAs † in the survey cou ntries were believed to be associated with at least one of the above characters. Similar findings were reported by Viser MJ et.al, 2006 ; Smith DJ. 2004. When it comes to HIV, really few respondents had right cognition about it despite the fact that AIDS has become a ‘dining table talk ‘ . Out of the few respondents that have right cognition on HIV, male respondents were more. This may be due to the fact that the overall educational position of male respondents was somewhat higher than their female opposite numbers. The other ground could be because male members of the society are more outgoing, hence are more updated about their societal environment through media beginnings like newspaper and magazines. Majority of the respondents besides could non province the difference between HIV and AIDS. It was interesting to observe that some respondents had wholly different impression approximately HIV as a separate disease non related to AIDS at all. Many of them were still incognizant of the term HIV when used in isolation from AIDS. It was found that HIV and AIDS were frequently times used together without truly understanding the difference between the two. Respondents from Imphal were found to hold somewhat better cognition about HIV than respondents from Chandel. This could be due to the fact that unlike respondents from Imphal, respondents in Chandel had less or no entree to media such as newspapers, local channel, and street dramas, etc whereby HIV/AIDS instruction is given out at regular intervals. Sing the manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, bulk of the respondents had right cognition about it particularly refering to the four primary manner of transmittal i.e. through insecure sexual contact, blood transfusion, sharing septic syringe and female parent to child transmittal. However, few respondents had misconceptions when it comes to transmission through mosquito bite, agitating custodies, sharing towel, coughing or sneeze, and kissing/hugging. These misconceptions is chiefly to make with the false beliefs that HIV/AIDS is transmitted through any blood merchandise and organic structure fluids ( workout suits ) and as such anything that makes direct contact with the blood as in the instance of mosquito or organic structure fluid is considered hazardous. Therefore, there is pressing necessity to sensitise decently the general population about the right manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal. Similar findings in the line of deficiency of proper sensitization/education on HIV/AIDS taking to m isconceptions, was besides reported by Hartwig K.A et.al 2006. As was observed in the analysis, many of the respondents from chandel particularly female respondents tend to trust on information obtained from local chitchats, which are frequently times marred by hyperboles and misconceptions responsible for stigmatisation and favoritism of PLHAs and the disease HIV/AIDS. The misconceptions refering to HIV/AIDS was closely related to the ways through which information about the disease is obtained. Respondents from Imphal had mass media like local channel ( T.V ) , and newspaper, etc as their chief beginning of information whereby HIV/AIDS instruction is given out by dependable beginnings whereas, in Chandel, media function was negligible. This could be explained on the footing of unavailability to local channel ( T.V ) and newspaper. In Chandel where cent per centum of the respondents are Christians, church act as one of the major beginnings for distributing information/knowledge on HIV/AIDS. It was found during participant observation that non all church leaders were decently trained nor good equipped with information on HIV/AIDS yet many of the church leaders did non waver to reprobate HIV/AIDS as a shameful, ugly and fatal disease fated to bechance upon promiscuous and immoral individual in the society. So, church members were encouraged to patter n abstention from sex boulder clay matrimony and be in sync with the scriptural moral rule so as to avoid HIV/AIDS disease. This could be one of the grounds why stigmatisation of PLHAs was more terrible in Chandel than in imphal. It is besides interesting to observe that female members of the society in both the survey country were found to be ‘social witting ‘ i.e. what society thinks and were more prone to take part in and trust on local chitchats which is largely influenced by ‘socio-cultural feelings ‘ than medical truth. Therefore, it is non surprising that more figure of female respondents had scruples on HIV/AIDS and stigmatisation towards PLHAs. Another interesting thing to note was in the manner how people perceived PLHAs. Knowledge on the symptoms of HIV/AIDS patients revealed that many of the respondents considered loss of weight and skin color, organic structure roseola, etc as the major symptoms of HIV/AIDS. This cognition purportedly comes from the cultural belief that most PLHAs in the survey country physically exhibit such symptoms. However, lost of weight and skin color is non medically sole to PLHAs and as such, if non decently sensitized on this, it will take to the incorrect premise that anybody with weight lost or skin color who may non needfully be infected with HIV/AIDS have a strong potency, if non already, to be stereotyped and marginalized as PLHAs † . Data besides shows that a monolithic figure of respondents still see HIV/AIDS as immoral disease or diseases of shooting drug users. A big figure of respondents from chandel besides considered HIV/AIDS as penalty of God for ‘bad ‘ behaviour. This belief as analyzed was chiefly influenced by which HIV/AIDS is transmitted i.e. through insecure sex and sharing of septic panpipes. It may be mentioned here that sexual promiscuousness and shooting drug users are culturally viewed in the society as ‘fallen ‘ or ‘immoral ‘ individual in both the survey country and as such, anybody practising any of the said behaviour are by and large considered immoral and therefore, stigmatized. This could be one of the chief grounds why HIV/AIDS is extremely stigmatized since it is believed to be largely associated with people of low morality or whose moral characters are questionable in the society. Notwithstanding the fact that many guiltless female PLHAs may acquire i nfected through their partner or some could hold been infected through inadvertent blood transfusion, PLHAs are by and large regarded as ‘wayward ‘ in the eyes of the society and as such, are stigmatized. The other grounds stated for HIV/AIDS being considered as the most stigmatized disease is besides because of the nature in which PLHAs, at an advanced phase of the disease, died an ugly decease, physically looking awfully haggard with skeletal like build and complete loss of one ‘s natural skin color and medically, from multiple timeserving infections. However, the physical perceptual experience may non ever be true for all PLHAs. Another noteworthy observation made in both the society was refering to the prevalence of gender disparity when it comes to morality and promiscuousness. Culturally, sexual promiscuousness and ‘immoral behaviour ‘ such as drug and intoxicant maltreatment, or waywardness are tabooed yet society tends to be more tolerant towards male members than female. It is an unfastened secret for male members in the society to be accepted more readily than female despite go againsting unsanctioned societal norms. This explains why many of the female respondents expressed that they would experience abashed if infected with HIV/AIDS, a disease symbolic of immoral behaviour. This determination is in conformance with the findings of Smith DJ, 2004. A disagreement between cognition and behavior/practice of the people towards PLHA was besides observed. Though most respondents demuring few were cognizant about the primary manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, they admitted to hold maintained some distance or reserve in mixing with PLHAs despite cognizing good that making so will in no manner put them at hazards. Gray LA and Marle S, 1991 reported similar observations. This could likely be a instance of utmost cultural stigmatisation of PLHAs in general whereby common people fear the stigma of being stereotyped by tie ining with PLHAs. Respondents besides expressed the feeling that PLHAs should hold separate wellness Centre on the land that it will be safer for both the infected and non-infected population as they could non swear the instruments of wellness attention Centre to be to the full safe from HIV infection. Majority of the respondents besides viewed that PLHAs should neither acquire married nor have kids as making so will merely increased the figure of PLHAs who in all chance will merely populate to endure and died a agonizing decease. However, few people were of the position that every bit long as PLHAs marry amongst themselves, that should non be a job. Since HIV/AIDS is a extremely stigmatized disease ; bulk of the respondents expressed the demand for mandatory HIV proving between twosomes prior to marriage so as to avoid a day of reckoning hereafter as was put in by many respondents. This is because of the belief that HIV/AIDS is a catching and an incurable disease which when infected will invalid and shorten the life span of the individual concern. As one respondent said â€Å" one time you get infected with HIV/AIDS, it is for supports and you can non run off from it instead you ‘ll decease with and by it † . The stigmatisation towards PLHAs is besides revealed in that the general populations tend to hold negatively preconceived impression about anyone infected with HIV/AIDS even if that individual happens to be morally well behaved. Despite holding negative perceptual experiences about HIV/AIDS, when it comes to corporate duty of the people towards PLHAs, bulk of the respondents from both the countries expressed their sense of taking duty to care for PLHAs. However, the cogency of this statement may non defy societal stigma as disagreement between cognition and pattern has been discussed in old statements. One of the grounds for having such duty could be due to the humanist side of adult male underlining other negative feelings. The humane nature is highlighted farther when the respondents said PLHAs should seek medical aid at the earliest with a cautiousness that all patients seeking surgery should be exhaustively tested for HIV/AIDS. Prenuptial or extra-marital sex was non favored by many and more so in Imphal. Respondents in Imphal were somewhat more reserved about sex than those from Chandel. In Imphal country, prenuptial and adulterous sex was seen more as societal tabu while in Chandel it was more to make with the misdemeanor of scriptural moral rule besides it being considered socio-cultural tabu as good. Few respondents largely male, had impersonal position on this, stating it was a affair of personal pick. It may besides be mentioned here that by and large people have reserves about discoursing sex and gender in the unfastened or in public because of the cultural upbringing whereby treatment of sex or gender is confined to or between married twosome. A survey by Goyal RC, et al 1994 ; Hartwig KA et.al, 2006 besides reported similar findings on the reserve of openly discoursing sex and gender. Another interesting characteristic noted in this survey was the induction of sex for both male and female and the age at matrimony. The overall average age for the induction of sex was 23.37A ±5.73 old ages. The overall average age at matrimony observed in the survey was 23.04A ±5.22 and 28.65A ±4.52 old ages for both female and male severally. The average age at matrimony in the survey site was found to be above the legal age at matrimony in India which is 18 for female and 20 one for male. Here, instruction is seen to play an of import function in detaining induction of sex and age at matrimony. A important difference was observed in the age at matrimony among female respondents from Chandel where the induction of matrimony begins every bit early as the age of 14 ( average 20.42A ±4.1 old ages ) . This may be because female respondents largely in-between age in Chandel had small or no instruction at all. Besides instruction, cultural upbringing is besides seen to hold indir ect impact on the age at matrimony. The patriarchal construction of the society in both the survey country is such that male members of the household are given penchants over female in any affairs as it is through male line that coevals of the household is continued. Analysis of sexual behaviour and patterns besides revealed that most of the respondents who do non see themselves at being hazard to HIV infection were in fact, practising hazardous sexual behaviour. Quite a figure of respondents admitted practising insecure sex within and outside matrimony. Though, sexual relation outside matrimony is a socio-cultural tabu, yet it is non purely upheld. Theoretically and culturally, bulk of respondents were non in favour of sexual relation outside of matrimony. However, during the survey, it was found that such cultural apprehension of sexual tabu did non truly forestall some of them from indulging into it as was admitted by few respondents. The sexual behaviors/practices of male respondents were at higher hazard for HIV infection than female respondents. This could be due to the prevalence of gender disparity in the societal set up whereby society is more tolerant towards male promiscuousness and immoral behaviour than that of female. As such, femal e respondents from both the country were more reserved for the obvious fright of shame and incurring stigma. Therefore, none of the female respondents from Imphal admitted to hold indulged in extra-marital matter while in Chandel, a negligible figure of them reluctantly admitted indulging to it after initial equivocation. Male respondents were relatively found to be more blunt and unfastened about their indulgence in sexual relationships in and outside of matrimony. For those respondents who admitted to hold engaged in ‘tabooed ‘ sexual relation, really less figure of them admitted utilizing rubber systematically. Here, it may be noted that despite many of them accepting rubber as a good option for safer sex, it is non being used systematically on the land that rubbers do non give full sexual satisfaction. The ground given to explicate was that culturally ; rubber is stigmatized and is considered meant for sexually promiscuous people. Condoms are besides believed to hold inauspicious consequence on adult females wellness and as such usage of it, in most cases is sooner ruled out. In instance of married twosome, usage of rubber is considered non a necessity as the socio-cultural significance of matrimony is for the intent of reproduction and sexual fulfilment. Therefore, usage of rubber is merely taken as blockading the really intent of matrimony. This is one of the grounds why some respondents who admitted of fall backing to househol d planning preferable preventive pills. A survey carried out in rural Lebanon by Kulczycki A, 2004, reported similar findings on the usage of rubber and the stigma attached to it. It was besides observed that some of the participants had undergone blood transfusion for either medical or surgical grounds, increasing the opportunities of HIV transmittal. Many respondents were willing to accept PLHAs and even take duty for them but this is contradicted by the admittance that they would non needfully desire PLHAs to be neither a resource individual for any socio-religious event nor a spiritual figure in the society because harmonizing to the local people, a spiritual figure should be person whose moral character does non offend the normative moral Torahs of the society whereas in the instance of PLHAs, their moral character is ever questioned and as such can non keep a spiritual place unless the individual in inquiry unfeignedly repents and take a repentant, reform life. Decision: From the analysis of the present survey, it can be concluded that false socio-cultural impression of HIV/AIDS as a morally corrupting disease is taking precedency over medical facts, taking later to stigmatisation and favoritism of PLHAs in the society. The survey revealed that although bulk of the respondents have high cognition about the four primary manner of HIV/AIDS transmittal, such cognition are frequently times marred by socio-cultural misconceptions. It can besides be inferred that behaviour of the people are greatly influenced by cultural beliefs instead than by medical facts. Therefore, incompatibility is observed between high cognition about the four primary paths by which HIV/AIDS is transmitted on one manus and high negative attitude towards PLHAs on the other manus. Local chitchats which are largely diluted with cultural misconceptions act as the fastest medium for the extension of intelligence on HIV/AIDS. Church elders/leaders particularly in chandel have s trong influenced on people ‘s attitude towards PLHAs. This could be one of the grounds why despite attempts from NGOs to educate people on HIV/AIDS, the disease is fast distributing in the survey country. Therefore, proper sensitisation of the people about HIV/AIDS along the socio-cultural line is the demand of the hr in order to take several misconceptions which are responsible for the marginalisation of PLHAs. It is besides suggested that spiritual leaders should be given particular attending when sing of leaving proper instruction on HIV/AIDS in order that their influence on people may chase away cultural misconceptions taking to stigmatisation of HIV/AIDS. The survey besides may reason that stigmatisation of the disease was one of the root causes for the spread of HIV/AIDS in the country as fright of societal stigma and shame have discouraged many PLHAs to come out in the unfastened about their position thereby jeopardizing others in the procedure as such PLHAs continued to take a normal sexual life.Recognition:This research is financed by UGC under the strategy of Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship for ST/SC pupils to prosecute M.Phil/Ph.DaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aË †Â ¦aˆÂ ¦..